Stages of the evolution of accounting and the emergence of management accounting

There are three stages Tmrahlt where management accounting can be summarized in the following points:

1. Development of Italian priest Loja Batchelio theory of double-entry in the century 14 century and thus emerged of accounting.
2. Appeared aware of the review for the emergence of the need to prepare financial statements to assist in decision-making as well as state intervention in business activity.
3. At the end of the century (19) and the beginning of the century (20) and with the occurrence of the Industrial Revolution appeared aware of cost accounting, with the development of management and increase their problems and their need for data and information to assist in the rationalization of its back knowledge management accounting.

Government Accounting

Is a branch of accounting and deals with the study principles governing the operations of appreciation, registration and accounting report on the activities carried out by the government. It is a tool for managers of government control over revenues and expenditures for the various ministries and units, known as the State budget. They estimated the numbers of approved expenses and revenues of the State for a certain period to come is usually a year. Include all public expenditure, which allows the government to spending it in various areas of public services, security and defense, justice, and productive projects.

Keep abreast of developments in the laws of Accounting and Tax

I met him accidentally at a customer and I do the accounts for the processing of program they have, gray hair is ..
And has passed sixty Oawamh no doubt ..
Governing the tie until the most recent, and puts in the pocket of his shirt in the order of severe group of pens of different colors ..
Looked at me critical and I do I navigate between screens the program trying to get the job done as soon and hinted his view of looming from behind his glasses thick Ermq my fingers a click buttons to the keyboard, like one of the priests of the Middle Ages and had started to think of the decision Bihraci alive, accusing the Exercise of things magic ..
"I do not believe in this thing" ..
Spoken like a tennis ball hit towards me waiting for me to respond ..
I looked at him and tried to draw a smile on my face:
- Do you mean the computer or accounting software?
Appeared on the point of satisfaction when you led me to where he was completely Wants to be optimistic in subtle, he says:
- Both .. I work in the field of audit since 1970, and not resort to those things never
- I think that the computer will not have developed enough for such uses in 1970.
- Maybe .. But I met a lot of software designers in companies that I reviewed over many years, and no one could convince me of the importance of these programs .. I do not even use the calculator in the operations of addition and subtraction.
Not much I'd try to convince him, but it seemed to me that it Alsmajp to stop the dialogue at this point and come back to resume my work without a response ..
- I can tell you that part of the importance of such programs, and probably won it for your interest.
Looked at me as if to say (what you have Red Hat) so I went back complete my words:
- At the outset provides you with an automated system an easy way for the entry rather than dealing with those notebooks large, multi, also provides you with some sort of adequate security the possibility of creating backup copies of the database and saved on a multi-media so as to ensure that they would not be damaged, as happens to the books of paper in some cases, After that the system provides the user think in many of the accounting entries, where the system automatically created with the documents and thus saves time and effort and the prospects for the introduction of restrictions or amounts incorrectly.
He nodded and stretch his lips in a non-conviction or threat of trying to pretend so I told him nothing could provoke admiration in the system:
- I for example can tell you one of the things that I see the advantages of such systems, namely, to help users keep abreast of developments in accounting standards, for example, when it was issued financial statements indicative with accounting standards issued by the Ministry of Economy, was obliged companies to contribute to the issuance of the balance sheet and income statement as provided for by the standardized format for the list, you find a lot of accountants can not even understand that the new names were added, such as working capital and total investment, let alone the process of preparation ..
He said in an exclamation point and the very tone I could not distinguish its meaning in this moment:
- Can these programs from the issuance of financial statements in that form?
- Sure, you can extract the financial statements as provided for and that fits the nature of the activity which the firm operates as well.
I said, thinking that he must Sionnbhr But what happened was quite unlike what I expected it buried his face in the papers in front of him in rage, he says in a sharp tone:
- I do not believe that the new menus anyway .. Since 1970, we are preparing lists the usual form, which we have learned from the geniuses of accounting that makes us what we resort to those forms which have no meaning ..
Only here you have understood and decided to smile and a complacent face to return to a preoccupation in my work .. This man does not enter into in order to knowledge, but just another one of those who are not thinking in the development and look at all that may lead them to change their ideas part of the antique look hostility, shouting "you Pachtraatkm us, let us not allow our lives as they are in peace."



I after all the novel to speak on the subject of the development of accounting software with the development of thought in accounting and accounting laws and taxes ..
It was probably this is one of important criteria according to which accountants in the knowledge of a quality systems, accounting programs are usually designed to have long periods of time ago and must have been designed in the light of a series of laws that may have remained the same or changed in whole or in part ..
And the advantage of good software that changes could be adapted without problems to the users especially users who have old databases and may have been the thousands of entries in a certain way and can not in any way change or re-enter it again.
Must therefore accountant before hiring the new system for his company that scans a full needs of accounting, tax and ensure their availability in the program first and then ask an advisory system on how to work those parts and get answers enough about the flexibility and the possibility to modify with any development in the laws of accounting and tax.
For example, are some of the programs calculate the income tax on salaries automatically as it was stipulated in the tax laws past and when to change the tax law in the current year and the experience of these programs a big problem in the amendment at the heart of the program itself, and the programs that the advantage of design flexibility, she prefers to keep these parts far for the system design itself, but extensions are designed for a small programs that are highly complex operations and can be modified at any time to suit the change in the methods of work within companies and any changes in laws account without entering into amendments within the program itself.
It is also important for companies to know the extent of development of the program during the periods prior to the knowledge of the company's plans produced in the development, where the standard is currently in the trade-offs between programs depends not only on product quality and relevance to the current needs, but the attention of the producers of these programs develop, modify and add improvements , and suitability for the growth and development in the activity and the constant amendments in the laws.
The bottom line is that the continuous development has become the most important specifications that must be met in the programs of Business Administration who does not prepare itself sufficient to meet those changes that occur constantly and continuously for the improvement becomes like a vintage car amid a race contested by the latest cars, but that analogy may do harm antique car that you may find them used last as an impact, but the business world it has no implications for museums, especially if those things associated with success and improve and continue in the business world.

Financial statements according to International Accounting Standards

Some still insist on the use of the budget in shape, which resembles the famous (T-English), where he represented the government balance between assets on the left side and liabilities and property rights in the left side ..
However, the international accounting standards required the display of specific elements of a minimum budget (balance sheet), has started many countries including Egypt, to abide by those standards, included the Minister of Economy No. (503) for the year 1997 models of the balance sheet in its modern form which is consistent with the disclosure requirements Incoming international accounting standards.
The list was tabulated elements in its financial position (vertical) New to the following order:

1. Fixed assets
2. Current assets
3. Current Liabilities
4. Property rights
5. Long-term liabilities




The identification of assets and current liabilities of the important sources of information that will help users of financial statements when their analysis of the financial position of the facility, called the difference between current assets and current liabilities term "net current assets" or "working capital"
And is classified assets and liabilities to current and non-current selecting assets and liabilities of the facility that revolves continuously in the framework of the operating cycle Regular, based on this tab to whether the terms of the assets have been exhausted and the terms of the obligations are settled through the process of generating revenue during the session of the normal operating of the facility, usually represent the average period elapse between the acquisition of raw materials that go into operating cash flow and check the final installation.
Items of current assets:
Must include the following items are included within current assets:

* Cash balances held in the facility and available to banks and to the requirements of the current operation
* Securities that have the purpose of acquisition of trading operations
* Balances owed by clients and debtors Almtnoon
* Stock
* Prepayments for the purchase of assets traded
* Prepaid expenses expected to use or depletion within one year from the balance sheet date

Items of current liabilities:
Include commitments traded those obligations that mature at the request of the creditors, as well as what is expected of paid or settled within one year from the balance sheet date according to the following:

* Bank loans
* Parts of the current outstanding long-term liabilities
* Balances owed to creditors of the activity as well as accrued expenses
* Custom taxes and provision for disputed tax claims outstanding
* Dividends payable dividend or creditors.
* Deferred revenue and advances from customers.
* Receivables to meet potential liabilities.

Beneficiaries of the accounting information

Beneficiaries of the accounting information



Beneficiaries of the accounting information
Can be classified as users of financial information prepared by the accountant in the form of reports by source of economic interest in the facility ..


1) the owners of the facility.
2) managing the business.
3) creditors.
4) Investors
5) government
6) staff.
7) firm's clients.
8) the general public.

1) owners of the business: The economic entity may be an individual firm or company of persons (Solidarity), or joint stock company, or facility may be a non-profit (charitable and government facilities), and in all these forms there are, interested in matters of this facility can not identify to their conditions and verify that they are moving towards achieving its objectives only to the availability of accounting information.

2) management of the establishment: It is difficult to manage the facility to do its job properly if you do not groove well conversant with the affairs of the facility, if the size of a large economic entity to the extent that his administration is not able to follow the activities of the business easily, it is essential to follow-through reports , and appropriate reporting is only available if an effective system of information, and accounting system is part of the information system at the facility.

3) Creditors: It is known that the most important sources for the financing of the facility: the owners and creditors.
And creditors must either be a financial facilities such as banks and investment companies, or who sold goods on credit facility for resale or fixed assets.
And since the deal on credit or lending is based on confidence in the debtor or the borrower, and the source of this confidence can be either:

If the project is an individual or a company ? - The same owner solidarity.
Including income derived from the future, and including under the hand of his administration  b? - The project itself and the means of production as well as reputation management.

And therefore often are financial reports prepared by the facility at the end of the accounting period is the source of this information.

4) Investors: understood to mean here those who have money want to invest in an existing project or a new project, and the investor will not make an investment decision only after the availability of adequate information about investing in it, not only on the same project, but rather for investment projects of alternative until the comparison.

5) government: working in the vicinity of established economic systems is governed and supervised by government agencies, as well as some of the establishments participating in the state and society in the form of income taxes and Zakat, as some of the other economic institutions receive subsidies from the state, these factors make One of the beneficiaries of the state of accounting information.

And therefore we can divide the parties concerned to follow the conditions of facilities to:
A? - Government agencies directly concerned with financial information such as: Ministry of Commerce of taxes and Zakat.  represented in the Department of Zakat and income

General Auditing Bureau, and for the following reasons:

1. Control of state revenues collected from the establishments in the form of taxes and zakat.
2. Follow-up expenses in the form of state subsidies for economic enterprise.
3. Control of economic institutions that the state has something of its shares or contribute capital.
B? - Government agencies concerned with the indirect financial information such as: Ministry of Finance - Department of Statistics - and the Ministry of Planning.


6) Employees: keen employee in the establishment of economic to continue his job, which represents a source of income, the source of increasing this income, and improved his position by gradually up the career ladder in its business, and this can only happen in an enterprise successful; so the staff member directly involved in knowledge of business and financial conditions of the facility, this knowledge does not come only through financial information.

7) firm's clients: economic institutions depend on each other, some produce to sell to other firms sell to the consumer.
Also, some establishments produce goods sold to other facilities is for her raw materials are manufactured and sold ready-made products.
And often follows this dependence is an overlap of interest in the sale on credit or in the accounting of the conditions of facilities that buy them .. The strength of the resource and the stability of its financial position and business will prove convenient to the client regarding the sources of supply.

8) the general public: is intended to deal with the financial information for any other purpose, such as universities represented by its students and professors, and research centers and consulting offices, centers, and compiling financial information.

Stores Accounting

Stores Accounting



Branches of accounting:

1 - Financial Accounting.

2 - cost accounting.

3 - Management Accounting

4 - Zakat Accounting and Tax

5 - Government Accounting

Financial Accounting:

Is one of the branches of accountability means documenting and financial data processing and delivery to the beneficiaries in the form of financial reports prepared in accordance with agreed criteria for use in decision-making.

Cost Accounting: A branch of the accounting means compilation and processing of financial information to gain access to the cost of production, either in total or in units of its units, and used in planning and internal control and financial reporting to management or to outside parties.

Management Accounting: Accounting is linked to the branches of a financial accounting and cost accounting and focus on the analysis of information derived from the accounting system and put it in the form of management can act in light of a clear vision, and allows them to follow the course of events and to judge the conduct of the business.

Zakat Accounting and Taxes: It means compiling and processing of financial information to gain access to the amount subject to Zakat, or the amount of taxable and is what is known (and tax base or zakat), and set up the Adoption of the Zakat or tax return for access to the amount of zakat or tax to be paid to the Department of Zakat and income.

Government Accounting: The branch of accounting and dealing with collection and processing of information and documentation relating to expenditures and government revenues to make sure to set the public funds and control them and use them optimally.

Review:

If it were not a branch of accounting, but it is in this context; Valemradjap concerned with examining all or some parts of the accounting system to achieve two objectives, one external and one internal.



External Audit (legal review): interested in examining all or some parts of the accounting system to give confidence to the financial reports prepared by the system in accordance with auditing standards agreed upon, and the results of that report or certificate from the Statutory Auditor to be attached to the financial statements and published them.



Internal Audit: scan all or some parts of the accounting system to ensure integrity, and in order that the Administration ensure that the system is going as planned and it serves the purposes for which management aims to achieve it.

Attempts to develop accounting standards at the international level

Attempts to develop accounting standards at the international level



Began growing interest in the development of accounting rules by professional bodies since the beginning of the second half of the last century where there was no scientific common rules are being applied by practitioners of the accounting profession and every body was in all industrialized nations put their own accounting rules, which it considers consistent with accounting concepts.

And has remained the term generally accepted accounting rules as an expression of art when the accountants and auditors concept includes everything that is agreed upon in the science of accounting and accepted by the companies and institutions, even if different in addressing the same subject.

Standards can be defined as models or instructions for general guidance and lead to the rationalization of practice in accounting, auditing or audit.

Thus, different standards for Standards procedures have the status of general guidance or direction while dealing with the actions of the Executive version of these standards applied to specific cases.

The importance of accounting and auditing standards made of professional organizations in many countries around the world interested in developing standards, and perhaps the most important of these organizations in this area complex of Chartered Accountants in the United States of America AICPA initiated to develop criteria for audit since 1939 has been formed body or the Council for Accounting Standards Financial FASB in the United States of America since 1973, such as developing a formula generally accepted accounting principles GAAP, which came into force since 1932.

Attempts to set standards at the international level began with the beginnings of this century and began to hold conferences of the International Accounting and will show the most important are as follows:
1 - The First International Accounting Conference held in 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States of America under the auspices of the Federation of Associations of Chartered Accountants of America before the founding of the American Academy of Accountants in 1917 There has been research in this conference about the possibility of unification of law among nations accounting



2 - IAS Conference 1926 in Amsterdam.



3 - Third International Conference on Accounting 1929 in New York

The submission of the three research head, namely:

- Consumption and the investor.

- Consumption and re-evaluation.

- Natural or commercial year.



4 - The Fourth International Conference on Accounting 1933 in London

The 49 organizations participated in an accounting of 90 delegates appointed by the addition to the presence of 79 visitors from abroad has reached the number of countries represented at the Conference 22 countries including Australia, New Zealand and some African countries.



5 - Fifth International Accounting Conference 1938 in Berlin

With the participation of 320 delegations, as well as 250 participants from the rest of the world



6 - Sixth International Conference on Accounting 1952 in London

Register at the conference where 2510 members, including 1450 of the organizations that sponsored the conference in Britain and 196 from the Commonwealth and the rest from 22 other nations.



7 - Seventh International Accounting Conference 1957 in Amsterdam

The conference was attended by 104 accounting organizations from 40 countries and was attended by visitors from abroad in 1650 and 1200 a member of the host country the Netherlands.



8 - Eighth International Conference on Accounting, 1962 in New York

It was attended by 1627 members of the United States to 2101 as well as from other countries and was attended by 83 organizations representing 48 countries where 45 feet was discussed.



9 - the Ninth International Conference on Accounting, 1967 in Paris


10 - Tenth International Conference on Accounting 1972

Attended by 4347 delegates from 59 countries.



11 - Conference on International Accounting atheist tenth 1977 in Munich, Germany.

It was attended by delegates from more than one hundred countries in the world



12 - Conference on International Accounting XII 1982 in Mexico.


13 - Conference on International Accounting XIII 1987 in Tokyo.


14 - Conference on International Accounting XIV 1992 in the United States.

The conference theme was the role of accountants in the global economy, in which around 106 accountancy bodies from 78 countries and was attended by about 2600 delegates from around the world, was not lost on Arab participation for the conference represented by delegations from Lebanon, Syria, Kuwait, Egypt and Saudi Arabia under the auspices of the International Federation of Accountants IFAC where hosted three American accounting organizations are complex Accountants AICPA and the American Society of Management Accountants IMA and the Association of Auditors entrants IIA.



15 - Conference on International Accounting XV 1997 in Mexico.


16 - Accounting Conference XVI International 2002 in Hong Kong.

Where they discussed about ninety (90) address topics ranging from hot dialogues such as inclusiveness and ethics to the impact of the knowledge economy on the accounting profession.


17 - Conference XVII International Accounting 2006 in Istanbul.

Was held under the banner of growth and global economic stability, and the contribution of accounting in developing nations, and the stability of capital markets around the world. And the role of accountants in the assessment process in the projects.
The outcome of these conferences that were a result of mounting pressure from users of financial statements of shareholders, investors, creditors, unions and trade associations, international organizations, governmental associations and government agencies for the formation of several organizations aimed at development of international standards and to create the climate necessary for the application of these standards